In terms of general oversight of the Classics the major body is a committee of the Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), entitled the Committee for Studies on Ancient Culture, housed in Warsaw at the Palace of Science and Culture (00-901 Warszawa, Room 2117).The Committee’s governing board or Praesidium consists of almost fifty leading scholars of antiquity, representing all the major Classical subdisciplines as well as the different geographical regions of the country. Under the Committee’s auspices there began, in 1946, the publication of the Classical journal Meander, which covers the entire range of Ancient Greek and Latin Studies through scholarly articles, translations, reports of the activities of Classics – related organizations, and for many years, printed, in one of its roughly monthly issues, a year-by-year detailed bibliography of studies dealing with antiquity entitled Antyk w Polsce. Unfortunately this most valuable bibliographical tool has ceased to appear in recent years, owing no doubt to a lack of funding from public and private sources, which currently appears to be a universal problem for bibliogaphical publications in Classics throughout Central and East Europe.

Other bodies of the PAN whose work touches in varying degrees on Greek and Roman/Latin studies are the Committee for the History of Science and Technology of the Institute for the History of Science, housed in the Staszica Palace at Nowy Swiat Street in Warsaw; the Committee for Linguistics, whose office is in the Palace of Culture and Science; the Committee for Philosophical Studies, headquartered in the Staszica Palace; the Committee for Historical Studies of the PAN Institute of History, whose offices are in the Market Square of the Old City of Warsaw; the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, located at the Aleja of Solidarnosc (Solidarity); the PAN Institute of Philosophy and Sociology, housed in the Staszica Palace, whose purview is the history of Philosophy and Systematic Philosophy and the Philosophy of Religion; and the Institute of Mediterranean Archaeology, also housed in the Staszica Palace, and dealing with ancient and early Christian cultures in the Mediterranean and Black Sea Basins, the civilizations of the Near East, Meroitic and Christian Nubia, Egypt of the Pharaohs and Mamelukes, and Hellenistic and Roman art and culture of the Eastern provinces.

Another long-established and venerable organizational body that helps promote the ancient Classics is the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences (PAU), which comprises two main divisions, that of Philology and that of History and Philosophy. The PAU is headquartered in Krakow at Slawkowska Street. Like the PAN, the PAU has learning branches spread throughout the entire country, and even abroad. For example, the Library of the PAU in Rome on the Vicolo Doria, not too far from the Piazza Venezia, has for many years been a place where Polish scholars, not the least Classical scholars, could do research and mingle with their international colleagues. I myself recall many occasions spent there at lectures and receptions in the years when the Library was headed by the late Professor Bronislaw Bilinski. Finally, under the auspices of both the PAN and the PAU there are published numerous scholarly series and individual studies dealing with ancient Greece and Rome.

Other major organs playing an important role in the dissemination of ancient culture are the Polish Society of Classical Philology (PTF), which since 2001 has been headquartered in Krakow, but has several hundred members dispersed in 13 branches throughout the country. In 1993 the PTF celebrated the 100^th anniversary of its founding and to observe that occasion published shortly thereafter a splendid commemorative volume on its history. The Scientific Society of Polish Archaeologists, housed in Warsaw at the National Archaeological Museum on Dluga Street, as well as in Lodz at Tylna Street, similarly has regional branches in nine other Polish cities. The huge Polish Historical Society, whose central offices are on the Market Square of the Old City in Warsaw, is dispersed in addition over 32 regional branches. The Polish Philosophical Society, headquartered at the Staszica Palace in Warsaw, has 11 other affiliates countrywide. The Association of Conservators of Monuments, which plays an important role in the protection, preservation and exhibition of artistic treasures (not the least or fewest of which date from antiquity) in Poland, is also based centrally in Warsaw, but supports branches in nine other locations. All these organizations, like the PAN and PAU, through scholarly meetings, publications, and other promotional activities, are vital agencies in keeping alive an awareness of the ancient Classics and in recruiting into the field new scholars from younger generations. In the matter of publications, the PTF in 1894, just a year after its founding, began publishing the journal EOS, which today, with 85 volumes in print, remains the best known Polish Classical journal, internationally speaking, and contains articles in all the major western European languages in addition to those in Polish. To promote the study of ancient civilizations and languages (particularly Latin) among students in Poland’s more than 2,000 high schools, the PTF since 1982 has administered a Latin Olympiad, the counterpart to the Certamen contests sponsored at local, regional, state and national levels in the United States by the Junior Classical League.

When we come to Classical Studies in institutions of higher education, the largest and most extensive programs, though not the oldest (universities like the 600-plus-year-old Jagiellonian University in Krakow were teaching the Classics long before), are at the University of Warsaw. Among the Faculties of the University is that of Polish Studies, within whose institutes is found that of Classical Philology, located at Krakowskie Przedmiescie Street 1. The Institute is comprised of several departments (Ancient Literatures and Languages, Ancient Culture, and Teaching Methodology of the Latin Language). It provides instruction in a full range of courses in Ancient Greek and Latin philology, ancient culture and its heritage in modern culture, Renaissance literature, Neo-Latin (including Latin literature produced in Poland), epigraphy, Patristics, and rhetoric. The staff of the Institute includes a large corps of Latin teachers and a more modest number teaching Greek. Within the Faculty of History an impressive array of course offerings is available in the Institute of Archaeology, also located at Krakowskie Przedmiescie Street 1 (the history and culture of the ancient world; the Aegaean, Greece and Rome; the peripheral cultures of the ancient world (the western part of the Mediterranean and Black Sea basins), Christian Nubia, antiquity in Polish culture, the preservation of monuments). Indeed such courses as the Survey of Mediterranean Archaeology and Introduction to Archaeology are very popular and require large numbers of instructional staff. The Faculty of History also houses the Institute of History, located at Krakowskie Przedmiescie Street 26-28, which, among others, includes large departments of Ancient History, Medieval History, Auxiliary Sciences and Methodology of History, and the History of Historiography and the Teaching of History. At the same address, in the Institute for the History of Law in the Faculty of Law, topics such as obligations in Roman Classical law and the influence of Greek philosophy on Roman law are covered. Within the Institute of Philosophy of the Faculty of Philosophy and Sociology, located on Krakowskie Przedmiescie Street 3, such departments as Philosophy, Ancient and Medieval Philosophy, and History of Philosophy deal with virtually all aspects of philosophical study from antiquity to more recent times (including ethics, aesthetics, politics, culture, and religion).

Internationally speaking, one of the major contributions to Classical Studies by the University of Warsaw has been the publication of the distinguished Journal of Juristic Papyrology under the auspices of the University’s Department of Papyrology. Though started at Columbia University in 1946, the next year the JJP’s operation was transferred to Warsaw. Since then it has published 31 volumes and is the medium par excellence for dissemination of research in the field, bringing to light the scientific contributions of many of the world’s leading papyrology scholars.

In the past few years a number of other programs have been developed by Classical scholars at the University of Warsaw to meet the needs of students living in both national environments quite different from what they were not too long ago. Examples are the Center for Studies on the Classical Tradition in Poland and East-Central Europe, known from its Polish acronym as OBTA (e-mail:

which aims to disseminate and popularize new educational methods in disciplines from the "non-applied humanities" (such as the Classics). Both programs are in the forefront of introducing to the tradition-bound educational system of European countries approaches more akin to the liberal arts programs in American universities, that focus on a balanced education exposing students to many branches of concurrent learning –subjects and methodologies alike -as opposed to the long-established previous norms of early and intensive concentration and specialization in a narrow disciplinary field.

The University of Wroclaw (the pre-World War II German city of Breslau), to which the departments and the traditions of the University of Lwow were transferred when Lwow became a part of Ukraine and its name was changed to Lviv), maintains the distinguished program in Classical studies begun decades ago at Lwow, which, together with the UJ in Krakow, comprised the first two great Polish centers for the study of Greece and Rome.. Within its Division of Philology there is large Institute of Classical Philology and Ancient Culture (50-139 Wroclaw, Szewska Street 49) with four Departments (Greek Philology, Latin Philology, Indic Philology and Neo-Latin), covering Greek, Latin, Neo-Latin and Indic Studies; ancient Greek and Roman drama; Greek and Roman poetry; Latin grammar and metrics; textual criticism, the tradition of ancient literature in Polish literature and theatre; Neo-Latin literature and culture; and the ties of Ancient Greece with Ancient India and the Ancient East. The U-Wroclaw Division of Historical and Pedagogical Sciences, also located at 50-139 Wroclaw, Szewska Street 49, within its Institute of History, contains a Department of Ancient History (specializing, among other topics, in the history of the Eastern Roman Provinces, the history of Rome and military history). The Division likewise includes an Institute for the History of Art, a Department of Archaeology (at Szewska Street 48), and a Department of Cultural Studies (at Szewska Street 50-51) , which deals with the theory and history of artistic culture. Another large U-Wroclaw Division, that of Social Sciences (50-149 Wroclaw, Koszarowa Street 3) has among its components a very talented and energetic Institute of Philosophy including at least six ancient philosophy scholars, who, among other valuable projects, have in recent years been conducting the Colloquia Platonica , an annual September "retreat" at one of the attractive Carpathian resorts in Silesia for the purpose of a series of papers and discussions of a selected Platonic work. Within Social Sciences also there is to be found an Institute of Political Studies, which traces the history of political thought. In the Division of Law and Administration (50-145 Wroclaw, Uniwersytecka Street 22/26), ancient law is taught in the Institute for the History of State and Law.

Another Polish institution in Southwest Poland, like Wroclaw, that is rapidly growing and bringing forth distinguished cadres of teachers and researchers in numerous disciplines is the Silesian University (SU), located in the industrial city of Katowice. SU, within its Division of Philology, has a fourteen-person Department of Classical Philology (40-032 Katowice, Pl. Sejmu Slaskiego (Silesian Parliament Square)1), some of whom it shares with the UJ in Krakow. Courses are taught in the Greek and Latin languages and the Historical Grammar of both, the history of Greek and Roman Literature, Latin Stylistics, special-topic Latin and Greek seminars and proseminars, Latin and Greek Metrics, ancient Greek and Roman history, and even Italian and Modern Greek. SU also has a Department of Roman Law (40-007 Katowice, Bankowa Street 14) within its Division of Law and Administration, concentrating on the history of Roman law in the Middle Ages, the Roman-Canon legal process, and the influence of Roman law on the statutory law of Silesian cities. There is a branch for Ancient and Medieval Philosophy within the Institute of Philosophy, itself under the aegis of the Division of Social Sciences (40-007 Katowice, Bankowa Street 11). Like their counterparts at the U-Wroclaw, the lively, energetic and well-published scholars of ancient philosophy in Katowice are making Silesia known throughout Poland as a major hub for studies in this field and they indeed, with the Wroclaw faculty, are the major participants in the previously mentioned Colloquia Platonica. The SU Division of Social Sciences also houses the Institutes of History and of Ancient History (40-007 Katowice, Bankowa Street 11), providing, among others, course work dealing with the Roman Empire, the economic and social problems during the period of its decline, and its political-ideological and monetary aspects.

The Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan is another vital center in Poland for Classical Studies. As in the University of Warsaw, Classical Philology is linked administratively with Polish Philology into a single Division (61-874 Poznan, Collegium Novum, Al. Niepodleglosci 4), though the Institute of Classical Philology has a separate identity. Nearly twenty faculty members teach a large variety of courses, ranging from general introductions to Classical Philology and outlines for the histories of Greek and Latin literatures to Greek tutorials in Homer, elegy and iambus, pastoral/bucolic poetry and idyll; metrics; poetry of the Roman Empire; advanced Latin exercises in grammar and syntax; melic poetry; Hellenistic poetry; Greek drama and romance; Latin stylistics; rhetoric; Greek historiography; Latin ancient/ medieval historiography, Greek philosophical prose, historical grammar of the Greek and Latin languages, Roman tragedy of the Empire; medieval/neo Latin literature; the Classical tradition in Poland; and translation projects from Greek and Latin. Within the Institute of History of the Division of History (61-809 Poznan, Sw. Marcina Street 78) instruction is given in ancient history and archaeology, while the study of arts and handicrafts in antiquity is included in the offerings of the History Division’s Institute for the History of Art

(61-874 Poznan, Al. Niepodleglosci 4). The teaching of ancient philosophy is conducted in the Institute of Philosophy under the Division of Social Sciences (60-568 Poznan, Szamarzewskiego Street 89). Within the Division of Law and Administration there is a four-person Department of Roman Law and the History of Judicial.Trial Law (61-809 Poznan, Sw. Marcina Street 90), which treats of Classical Roman law and Roman law in Poland.

Like its sister institution the University of Wroclaw, the Nicholas Copernicus University, located in the beautiful central Polish city of Torun on the Vistula River, is to some extent the heir of a pre-war institution transferred to Poland at the conclusion of World War II, when Poland’s boundaries were altered, causing her to lose territory in the East and acquire previously German land in the West. The "transferred" university in this instance was the University of Vilnius, in Lithuania, and, with this movement, a whole cadre of able Classicists, including the late Stefan Srebrny, moved southwest to Torun, and there, over the next fifty years, proceeded to rebuild a very distinguished Classics program. Today Classics in Copernicus University, an institution of some 32,000 students, is housed under several divisions. The Division of Humanities includes an Institute of Philosophy, where ancient philosophy is taught in the Department of the History of Philosophy and Social Thought (87-100 Torun,, Podmurna Street 74), and an eleven -member Department of Classical Philology (87-100 Torun, Fosa Staromiejska Street 3), blending the erudition and experience of senior scholars with the fresh talent and enthusiasm of younger staff. Within the Division of Historical Studies we find the large Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology (87-100 Torun, Teatralny Square 21, Collegium Novum), which has separate Departments for Ancient Archaeology, the Archaeology of Architecture, Underwater Archaeology, the Archaeology of the Middle Ages and Modern Times, as well as Workshops for Documentation and Conservation, and the History of Glass. Classical archaeology is represented by research in such fields as ancient cities on the Northern Black Sea Coast and the numismatics of ancient Greece and Rome. Another large institute in the Historical Studies Division is that of History and Archival Studies, under whose rubric fall the eight-member Department of Ancient History (especially the history of Rome), two Medieval History Departments, and the Department of the Auxiliary Sciences of History. Under the Division of Law and Administration (87-100 Torun, Fosa Staromiejska Street 1a) is a separate Department of Roman Law, focussing on property law (right to alien property, profit/usufruct), penal law (customary and administrative transgressions), inheritance law (wills, obligations), and Roman law in Poland in the 15^th and 16^th centuries. Within the Institute of Monument Studies and Preservation of the Division of Fine Arts (87-100 Torun, H. Sienkiewicza Street 30-32) there are offered courses in a wide range and variety of topics – techniques and technology of artistic works, diagnostic studies for the state of preservation and the causes for the destruction of monumental objects, the theory and history of the protection and the preservation of the major types of monuments fashioned in all the classical media and materials, museology, and art history.

The University of Lodz, to the southwest of Warsaw, is internationally known as a center for the creative and performing arts, but it also has substantial, long-established programs in the Greek and Latin Classics. Its Division of Philology contains a fourteen-member Department of Classical Philology (90-437 Lodz, Wolczanska Street 90), where, apart from courses in the Greek and Latin languages (the Latin Lecturers’ Group comprises seven additional faculty members), instruction is offered in the history of Greek and Roman Literature, ancient philosophy, ancient religion, Indo-European linguistics, ancient historiography and medieval studies. In the Division of Philology as well there is a Department for the Theory of Literature, Theatre and the Arts (90-114 Lodz, H. Sienkiewicza Street 21), where students acquire the methodology of literary research and comparative studies and learn the history of drama and theatre (including that of antiquity). Within the Division of Philosophy-History is found a large Institute of Archaeology, which includes a Workshop of Mediterranean Archaeology (91-402 Lodz, Pomorska Street 96), particular attention being given to the Roman period; a Department for the History of Historiography (90-219 Lodz, A. Kaminskiego Street 27a); at the same address a very distinguished seven-person Institute for the History of Byzantium and an Institute for the Auxiliary Sciences of History, including sphragistics and epigraphy; and a Department of Aesthetics (90-237 Lodz, J. Matejki Street 34) which covers artistic values, theory of art and the history of thought about art. Within the Division of Law and Administration there is a five-person Department of Roman Law, stressing Roman public law of the Late Imperial Period and the history of Roman law in modern times.

Other Polish higher education institutions as well have solid programs in the ancient Classics, though on a smaller scale than the universities that have been discussed so far. Within the Philological-Historical Division of the University of Gdansk (80-952 Gdansk, W. Stwosza Street 55) there is an Institute of History that includes a Department of Ancient History, specializing in the economic history of Rome (the Principate and the Late Empire) and social problems at the close of antiquity. There is also within the Division a Department of Classical Philology consisting of seventeen faculty members and containing two sections, the Institute of Hellenistic and Greek Orient Studies and the Department of Latin Studies and Comparative Literature. The Division of Social Sciences has among its components the Institute of Philosophy and Sociology (80-851 Gdansk, Bielanska Street 5) and the Department of Civilization Studies,

located in the neighboring resort city of Sopot (81-824 Sopot, W. Budzisza Street 4), and both of these subdivisions presumably offer instruction touching on the Classical world. Not too far down the Baltic Coast in the port of Szczecin (the former German Stettin), the University of Szczecin, within its Division of Humanities, contains an Institute of Philosophy and Political Science (70-387 Szczecin, F. Tarczynskiego Street 1), where the history of philosophy is taught, and a sizable Institute of History (71-004 Szczecin, Cukrowa Street 8), split into a large Department of Ancient and Medieval History and a smaller Department for the Auxiliary Sciences of History. Roman law is taught in the Department of Roman Law and the History of Political-Legal Doctrines (70-240 Szczecin, G. Narutowicza Street 17a) under the administrative umbrella of the Division of the History of Law and Administration.

Alongside the Catholic University in Lublin is its secular counterpart, the Maria Curie-Sklodowska University (MCSUL). Within its Division of Humanities there is an Institute of History (20-031 Lublin, M. Curie-Sklodowskiej Square 4) which offers courses in Ancient History, e.g., the history of the Roman Republic. The Division of Law and Administration, in its Institute for the History and Theory of State and Law (20-031 Lublin, M. Curie-Sklodowskiej Square 5), gives instruction in Roman private law (in particular, family and inheritance law, the law of obligations and penal law). The MCSUL likewise has a branch in the city of Rzeszow whose Division of Law and Administration houses an Institute of Roman Law (35-068 Rzeszow, Grunwaldzka Street 130) where historical research is conducted in that field, especially the acquisition of ownership through a combination of possessions, and women’s rights in Rome

In Northeast Poland the University of Bialystok, within its Division of History and Sociology, contains an Institute of History (15-420 Bialystok, W. Liniarskiego Street 4) with a five-person Department of Ancient

containing an Institute of History, one of whose Departments is that of Ancient History, comprising four faculty members. The University of Opole, while offering a heavy program in its Division of Theology, also, within its Division of History-Education, contains an Institute of History (45-084 Opole, Strzelcow Bytomskich Street 2) where courses in the history of ancient culture are available.

Apart from the traditionally-called universities as such, Poland, like most countries including the United States, contains university-level institutions offering university-level degrees, but listed under other and separate categories. Many of these have programs which touch, to a greater or lesser degree, on ancient Greek and Latin studies. One type is the Advanced Pedagogical Schools (teacher training universities like their American counterparts earlier called "normal schools" and "teachers’ colleges"), such as those in Czestochowa, Kielce, Krakow, Olsztyn, Rzeszow, Siedlce, Slupsk, and Zielona Gora. These, within various subdivisions (Philosophical - Historical Institute, Institute of History, Division of Humanities, Institute of Social Sciences, Institute of Political and Philosophical-Social Sciences, Institute of Philosophy) and in addition to the normal programs dictated by their institutional missions, make available numerous courses in universal history, the auxiliary sciences of history, the history of philosophy and religious doctrines, the history of education, ancient culture, European culture, Central Europe from late antiquity to modern times, the history of social and political thought and ideologies, and teaching methodologies in the humanities. A second type is the Polytechnic Institutes (comparable to American campuses like MIT, RPI, and Cal Tech), such as those in Bialystok, Gdansk, Gliwice, Kielce, Koszalin, Krakow, Lodz, Radom, Rzeszow, Szczecin, Warsaw and Wroclaw. These provide particularly valuable instruction in such fields as the history of architecture, monumental structures and city planning; the preservation, conservation and reconstruction of monuments and maintaining the cultural environment; the history of art, aesthetics and the sociology of art; evaluating the quality of artistic/architectonic objects; the history of science and technology and their organization; and military history. A third category is that of Medical Academies, as in Bydgoszcz, Katowice, Poznan and Warsaw, where ancient studies appear in programs of applied linguistics (medical terminology and its teaching), the history of medicine, the philosophy of medicine and bioethics (from at least as far back as the Hippocratic Oath).

A fourth, and quite large, group consists of religiously-oriented institutions, the foremost of which, after KUL, is the Academy of Catholic Theology in Warsaw, recently renamed the University of Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski (UKSW) (01-815 Warszawa, Dewajtis Street 5). Within its Division of Christian Philosophy falls the Department for the History of Ancient and Medieval Philosophy, among whose courses are such offerings as Greek Aristotelianism and Medieval changes in Aristotelianism, and Neoplatonism and its versions of the theory of causes. The same Division contains a Department for the History and Philosophy of Science, which doubtless carries components dealing with ancient science. The Division of Historical and Social Church Studies includes the Department for the Archaeology of the Christian West (the beginnings of Christian art in the Western part of the Roman Empire, the development of early Christian iconography), the Department for the Christian Archaeology of the Near East (Archaeology and iconography of Christian Nubia, Early Christian churches), the Department of Palestinian archaeology, the Department of Patristic Theology, the Department for the History of Greek Literature and Theology, the Department for the History of Latin Literature (particularly Christian) and Theology, the Department of Universal History, the Department of the Ancient Church, the Department of Auxiliary Historical Sciences, and the Department for the Theory of State and International Relations (where, among other topics, attention is given to economic thought in antiquity and the Middle Ages). The UKSW Division of Canon Law has a Department for the History of Law, among which, presumably, topics dealing with law in antiquity are included. The extensive Division of Theology covers many areas that treat, at least in part, of the ancient world (handled by such subdivisions as the Departments for Old Testament Exegesis, New Testament Exegesis, Intertestament Studies, Biblical Philology, Hagiography, Biblical History, and History of Religion). Beyond the UKSW there exist, throughout Poland, numerous institutions with similar missions and courses of studies, such the Christian Theological Academy in Warsaw (00-246 Warszawa, Miodowa Steeet 21), The Papal Theological Academy in Krakow (31-004 Krakow, Franciszkanska Street 1), the Papal Theological Faculty in Wroclaw (50-329 Wroclaw, Katedralny Square 14), the Papal Theological Faculty and the Section of St. John the Baptist in Warsaw (adjoining the UKSW at 01-815 Warszawa, Dewajtis Street 3), and the Philosophical Division of the Society of Jesus (31-501 Krakow, M. Kopernika Street 26). These institutions, together with the seminaries in the 13 Polish archdioceses and 24 dioceses, which as a group train well over 6,000 seminarians annually (more than a quarter of all Catholic seminarians in Europe), continue to be additional centers for the spreading of knowledge concerning antiquity (the Greek and Latin languages, Patristics, philosophy, history, art and archaeology), and the propagation and dissemination of ancient culture.

A few additional categories of institutions, through a variety of academic programs, round out the range of instruction in Poland that deals, to a greater or lesser extent, with ancient Greek and Roman culture. The Jan Matejko Aademy of Fine Arts in Krakow (31-157 Krakow, J. Matejki Street 13), the Academy of Fine Arts in Poznan (60-967 Poznan, Al. K. Marcinkowskiego 29), the Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw (00-068 Warszawa, Krakowskie Przedmiescie Street 5), The Academy of Fine Arts in Wroclaw (50-156 Wroclaw, Polski Square 3-4), and the Aleksander Zelwerowicz Theatrical Academy in Warsaw (00-246 Warszawa, Miodowa Street 22-24) have a wide selection of instructional options in areas like the History and Theory of Art, Architecture and Culture generally ; Aesthetics; the Preservation and Restoration of Artistic Works; the Materials, Tools and Techniques for application to plastic and preservational creativity; and the History of Drama. The Academy of National Defense (00-910 Warszawa-Rembertow, A. Wieczorkiewicza Street 103), in its Institute of Humanistic Studies, has courses on the philosophy of security (!) and the history of the art of war and, in the Military Institute of History (00-910 Warszawa, Czerwonych Beretow Street 24), an offering in ancient history . Military History is also taught in the Department of Humanistic Studies at the Gen. Jozef Bem Advanced School for Officer Training (87-100 Torun, Sobieskiego Street 8). Finally, even in the Advanced Police School (12-101 Szczytno, Swierczewskiego Street 111), the course in police history more than likely includes components dealing with the formal (and less formal) security agencies and devices in Greco-Roman antiquity.

In sum, the study of the ancient Greek and Roman Classics remains very visible among Poland’s educational institutions at all levels. Still, because of increasing tendencies, in Poland as elsewhere, to deemphasize and reduce financial support of traditional educational programs and divert funding to

"practical" courses of study with more materialistic aims, there is continued need for vigilance over the public administrative bodies that set instructional priorities and an even greater urgency to maintain and expand current sources of support from the private sector.

Central and East European Classical Scholarship is the electronic extension of the Classical Bulletin A Journal of International Scholarship and Special Topics Since 1925 ISSN: 0009-8337 Reference Abbreviation: CB Editor in Chief: Ladislaus J. Bolchazy, Ph.D. Publisher: Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc.

CEECS Editor-In-Chief / Acting Director Chester F. Natunewic, Ph.D. Choceecs@aol.com

© 2004 Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc.
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